Free Hive

Philippians 4:18 But I have all, and abound: I am full, having received of Epaphroditus. 2 Corinthians 2:13 I had no rest in my spirit, because I found not Titus my brother:. 2 Corinthians 8:22 And we have sent with them our brother, whom we have oftentimes proved. Philemon 1:1 Paul, a prisoner of Jesus Christ, and Timothy our brother, to Philemon.

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In information retrieval, Okapi BM25 (BM is an abbreviation of best matching) is a ranking function used by search engines to estimate the relevance of documents to a given search query. It is based on the probabilistic retrieval framework developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Stephen E. Robertson, Karen Spärck Jones, and others.

§ 25.2511-2 Cessation of donor's dominion and control. (a) The gift tax is not imposed upon the receipt of the property by the donee, nor is it necessarily determined by the measure of enrichment resulting to the donee from the transfer, nor is it conditioned upon ability to identify the donee at the time of the transfer. 1 “At that time the kingdom of heaven will be like ten virgins who took their lamps and went out to meet the bridegroom. 2 Five of them were foolish and five were wise. 3 The foolish ones took their lamps but did not take any oil with them. 4 The wise ones, however, took oil in jars along with their lamps. 5 The bridegroom was a long time in coming, and they all became drowsy and fell asleep. خانه / برنامه‌های macOS / اتوماتیک / aText 2.25.1. دانلود برنامه aText 2.25.1 برای مک. حجم: ۷,۵۰ مگابایت; تاریخ انتشار: ۱۸ مرداد ۱۳۹۷. The Birth of Moses. 2 Now a man of the tribe of Levi married a Levite woman, 2 and she became pregnant and gave birth to a son. When she saw that he was a fine child, she hid him for three months. 3 But when she could hide him no longer, she got a papyrus basket for him and coated it with tar and pitch Then she placed the child in it and put it among the reeds along the bank of the Nile.

The name of the actual ranking function is BM25. The fuller name, Okapi BM25, includes the name of the first system to use it, which was the Okapi information retrieval system, implemented at London's City University in the 1980s and 1990s. BM25 and its newer variants, e.g. BM25F (a version of BM25 that can take document structure and anchor text into account), represent state-of-the-art TF-IDF-like retrieval functions used in document retrieval.^{[citation needed]}

The ranking function[edit]

BM25 is a bag-of-words retrieval function that ranks a set of documents based on the query terms appearing in each document, regardless of their proximity within the document. It is a family of scoring functions with slightly different components and parameters. One of the most prominent instantiations of the function is as follows.

Given a query Q, containing keywords ${\displaystyle q_1,...,q_n}$, the BM25 score of a document D is:

${\displaystyle \text{score}(D,Q)=\sum _{i=1}^n\text{IDF}(q_i)\cdot \frac{f(q_i,D)\cdot (k_1+1)}{f(q_i,D)+k_1\cdot \left(1-b+b\cdot \frac{D}{\text{avgdl}}\right)}}$

where ${\displaystyle f(q_i,D)}$ is ${\displaystyle q_i}$'s term frequency in the document D, ${\displaystyle D}$ is the length of the document D in words, and avgdl is the average document length in the text collection from which documents are drawn. ${\displaystyle k_1}$ and b are free parameters, usually chosen, in absence of an advanced optimization, as ${\displaystyle k_1\in [1.2,2.0]}$ and ${\displaystyle b=0.75}$.^[1]${\displaystyle \text{IDF}(q_i)}$ is the IDF (inverse document frequency) weight of the query term ${\displaystyle q_i}$. It is usually computed as:

${\displaystyle \text{IDF}(q_i)=\ln (\frac{N-n(q_i)+0.5}{n(q_i)+0.5}+1)}$

where N is the total number of documents in the collection, and ${\displaystyle n(q_i)}$ is the number of documents containing ${\displaystyle q_i}$.

There are several interpretations for IDF and slight variations on its formula. In the original BM25 derivation, the IDF component is derived from the Binary Independence Model.

The above formula for IDF has drawbacks for terms appearing in more than half of the corpus documents. These terms' IDF is negative, so for any two almost-identical documents, one which contains the term may be ranked lower than one which does not. This is often an undesirable behavior, so many applications adjust the IDF formula in various ways:

• Each summand can be given a floor of 0, to trim out common terms;
• The IDF function can be given a floor of a constant ${\displaystyle ϵ}$, to avoid common terms being ignored at all;
• The IDF function can be replaced with a similarly shaped one which is non-negative, or strictly positive to avoid terms being ignored at all.

IDF information theoretic interpretation[edit]

Here is an interpretation from information theory. Suppose a query term ${\displaystyle q}$ appears in ${\displaystyle n(q)}$ documents. Then a randomly picked document ${\displaystyle D}$ will contain the term with probability ${\displaystyle \frac{n(q)}{N}}$ (where ${\displaystyle N}$ is again the cardinality of the set of documents in the collection). Therefore, the information content of the message '${\displaystyle D}$ contains ${\displaystyle q}$' is:

${\displaystyle -\log \frac{n(q)}{N}=\log \frac{N}{n(q)}.}$

Now suppose we have two query terms ${\displaystyle q_1}$ and ${\displaystyle q_2}$. If the two terms occur in documents entirely independently of each other, then the probability of seeing both ${\displaystyle q_1}$ and ${\displaystyle q_2}$ in a randomly picked document ${\displaystyle D}$ is:

${\displaystyle \frac{n(q_1)}{N}\cdot \frac{n(q_2)}{N},}$

and the information content of such an event is:

${\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^2\log \frac{N}{n(q_i)}.}$

With a small variation, this is exactly what is expressed by the IDF component of BM25.

Modifications[edit]

• At the extreme values of the coefficient b BM25 turns into ranking functions known as BM11 (for ${\displaystyle b=1}$) and BM15 (for ${\displaystyle b=0}$).^[2]
• BM25F^[3][4] is a modification of BM25 in which the document is considered to be composed from several fields (such as headlines, main text, anchor text) with possibly different degrees of importance, term relevance saturation and length normalization.
• BM25+^[5] is an extension of BM25. BM25+ was developed to address one deficiency of the standard BM25 in which the component of term frequency normalization by document length is not properly lower-bounded; as a result of this deficiency, long documents which do match the query term can often be scored unfairly by BM25 as having a similar relevancy to shorter documents that do not contain the query term at all. The scoring formula of BM25+ only has one additional free parameter ${\displaystyle \delta }$ (a default value is 1.0 in absence of a training data) as compared with BM25:

${\displaystyle \text{score}(D,Q)=\sum _{i=1}^n\text{IDF}(q_i)\cdot \left[\frac{f(q_i,D)\cdot (k_1+1)}{f(q_i,D)+k_1\cdot \left(1-b+b\cdot \frac{D}{\text{avgdl}}\right)}+\delta \right]}$

References[edit]

1. ^Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, Hinrich Schütze. An Introduction to Information Retrieval, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 233.
2. ^'The BM25 Weighting Scheme'.
3. ^Hugo Zaragoza, Nick Craswell, Michael Taylor, Suchi Saria, and Stephen Robertson. Microsoft Cambridge at TREC-13: Web and HARD tracks. In Proceedings of TREC-2004.
4. ^Stephen Robertson & Hugo Zaragoza (2009). 'The Probabilistic Relevance Framework: BM25 and Beyond'. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval. 3 (4): 333–389. CiteSeerX10.1.1.156.5282. doi:10.1561/1500000019.
5. ^Yuanhua Lv and ChengXiang Zhai. Lower-bounding term frequency normalization. In Proceedings of CIKM'2011, pages 7-16.

General references[edit]

• Stephen E. Robertson; Steve Walker; Susan Jones; Micheline Hancock-Beaulieu & Mike Gatford (November 1994). Okapi at TREC-3. Proceedings of the Third Text REtrieval Conference (TREC 1994). Gaithersburg, USA.
• Stephen E. Robertson; Steve Walker & Micheline Hancock-Beaulieu (November 1998). Okapi at TREC-7. Proceedings of the Seventh Text REtrieval Conference. Gaithersburg, USA.
• Spärck Jones, K.; Walker, S.; Robertson, S. E. (2000). 'A probabilistic model of information retrieval: Development and comparative experiments: Part 1'. Information Processing & Management. 36 (6): 779–808. CiteSeerX10.1.1.134.6108. doi:10.1016/S0306-4573(00)00015-7.
• Spärck Jones, K.; Walker, S.; Robertson, S. E. (2000). 'A probabilistic model of information retrieval: Development and comparative experiments: Part 2'. Information Processing & Management. 36 (6): 809–840. doi:10.1016/S0306-4573(00)00016-9.
• Stephen Robertson & Hugo Zaragoza (2009). 'The Probabilistic Relevance Framework: BM25 and Beyond'. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval. 3 (4): 333–389. CiteSeerX10.1.1.156.5282. doi:10.1561/1500000019.

External links[edit]

• Robertson, Stephen; Zaragoza, Hugo (2009). The Probabilistic Relevance Framework: BM25 and Beyond(PDF). NOW Publishers, Inc. ISBN978-1-60198-308-4.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 (General Assembly resolution 217 A) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages.

Preamble

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,

Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,

Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,

Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,

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Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,

Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

Article 1.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2.

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3.

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 4.

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 5.

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6.

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7.

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8.

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article 10.

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11.

(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.
(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

Article 12.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 13.

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14.

(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15.

(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16.

(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

Article 17.

(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18.

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Article 19.

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20.

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21.

(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article 22.

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Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

Article 23.

(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.
(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24.

Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25.

(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 26.

(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Article 27.

(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

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Article 28.

Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29.

(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.
(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.
(3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 30.

Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.