Calibre is a free and open source e-book library management application developed by users of e-books for users of e-books. It has a cornucopia of features divided into the following main categories: Library Management; E-book conversion; Syncing to e-book reader devices. Copy calibre -version 0.8.64 to Clipboard NOTE: This applies to both open source and commercial editions of Chocolatey. Ensure you are set for organizational deployment. Please see the organizational deployment guide. Get the package into your environment. Option 1: Cached Package (Unreliable, Requires Internet - Same As Community). CALIBRE™ Polycarbonate Resins offer an excellent blend of clarity, heat resistance, and impact resistance. They are offered in a variety of melt flows and tints and can be modified with additives to enhance specific performance attributes including ignition resistance, UV stability, stiffness, light transmission, color, and mold release.

New in calibre 0.8. Lots has changed in calibre-land in the last year. A great feature is 'Get books' which allows you to search for a book by title and author and returns the list of web stores that sell it in e-book form, allowing you to easily find the lowest prices for popular books or search many different places for hard to find e-book editions. How to download pokemon insurgence on windows 10. Firing factory-loaded ammunition with bullets ranging from 90 to 129 grains (5.8 to 8.4 g), its muzzle velocity varies from 2,500 ft/s (760 m/s) with 129- and 130-grain (8.4 g) bullets to 2,900 ft/s (880 m/s) with 90 gr (5.8 g) bullets (similar in velocity to a 5.56 mm 77-grain (5.0 g) round). Depending on their case material and bullet, 6.5.

(Redirected from 6.5 mm Grendel)
6.5mm Grendel
6.5mm Grendel showing variety of bullets—144 gr (9.3 g) to 90 gr (5.8 g)
TypeRifle
Place of originUnited States
Production history
DesignerBill Alexander and Janne Pohjoispää
Designed2003[1]
Specifications
Parent case.220 Russian[2]
Case typeRimless, bottleneck
Bullet diameter6.71 mm (0.264 in)
Neck diameter7.44 mm (0.293 in)
Shoulder diameter10.87 mm (0.428 in)
Base diameter11.15 mm (0.439 in)
Rim diameter11.2 mm (0.44 in)
Rim thickness1.5 mm (0.059 in)
Case length38.7 mm (1.52 in)
Overall length57.5 mm (2.26 in)
Case capacity2.3 cm3 (35 gr H2O)
Rifling twist1 in 8' or 1 in 9'
Primer typeSmall rifle
Maximum pressuremaximum average pressure: 52,000
Ballistic performance
Bullet mass/typeVelocityEnergy
90 gr (6 g) Speer TNT2,880 ft/s (880 m/s)1,658 ft⋅lbf (2,248 J)
108[3] Scenar (moly)2,790 ft/s (850 m/s)1,866 ft⋅lbf (2,530 J)
120 gr (8 g) Norma FMJBT2,700 ft/s (820 m/s)1,942 ft⋅lbf (2,633 J)
123 gr (8 g) Sierra Matchking2,650 ft/s (810 m/s)1,917 ft⋅lbf (2,599 J)
130 gr (8 g) Norma2,510 ft/s (770 m/s)1,818 ft⋅lbf (2,465 J)
Test barrel length: 24 inches
Source(s): Alexander Arms Pressure-safe Load Data

The 6.5mm Grendel (6.5×39mm) is an intermediate cartridge designed by Arne Brennan, Bill Alexander and Janne Pohjoispää as a low-recoil, high-accuracy cartridge specifically for the AR-15 platform at medium/long range (200–800 yard). It is an improved variation of the 6.5mm PPC.[4] Since its introduction, it has proven to be a versatile design and is now expanding out into other firearms including bolt-action rifles and the Kalashnikov system.[5]

The name '6.5mm Grendel' was a trademark owned by Alexander Arms until it was legally released to allow the cartridge to become SAAMI standardized.[6][7]

Development and history[edit]

The 6.5mm Grendel design goal was to create an effective 200–800 yard STANAG magazine-length cartridge for the AR-15 that surpassed the performance of the native 5.56mm NATO/.223 Remington cartridge. Constrained by the dimension of the magazines, the Grendel designers decided to use a shorter, larger diameter case for higher powder volume while allowing space for long, streamlined, high-ballistic coefficient (BC) bullets. Firing factory-loaded ammunition with bullets ranging from 90 to 129 grains (5.8 to 8.4 g), its muzzle velocity varies from 2,500 ft/s (760 m/s) with 129- and 130-grain (8.4 g) bullets to 2,900 ft/s (880 m/s) with 90 gr (5.8 g) bullets (similar in velocity to a 5.56 mm 77-grain (5.0 g) round). Depending on their case material and bullet, 6.5 Grendel cartridges weigh 14.7 to 17.8 grams (227 to 275 gr).

The case head diameter of the Grendel is the same as that of the .220 Russian, 7.62×39mm and 6.5mm PPC cases. This diameter is larger than the 5.56×45mm NATO, thereby necessitating the use of a non-standard AR-15 bolt. Google chrome standalone installer for windows 7. The increased case diameter results in a small reduction in the capacity of standard size M16/AR-15 magazines. A Grendel magazine with the same dimensions as a 30-round STANAG magazine will hold 26 rounds of 6.5mm Grendel ammunition.

Performance[edit]

C-Products 26-round Grendel Magazine

Proponents assert that the Grendel is a middle ground between the 5.56×45mm NATO and the 7.62×51mm NATO. It retains greater terminal energy at extended ranges than either of these cartridges due to its higher ballistic coefficient.[2] For example, the 123 gr (8.0 g) 6.5 Grendel has more energy and better armor penetration at 1,000 meters than the larger and heavier 147 gr (9.5 g) M80 7.62 NATO round.[8][9][10][11]

In order to obtain ballistics that are superior to the 7.62×51mm cartridge, a weapon with a longer barrel and firing a heavier bullet is necessary. To achieve the same results from shorter length barrels, even heavier bullets are needed.[12]

External ballistics[edit]

Muzzle Velocity Change with Bullet Weight
Bullet velocity: 24 inch (609.6 mm) barrel
Bullet massMuzzle velocity1,000 meter velocity
grgft/sm/sft/sm/s
Lapua Scenar1087.02,7008201,166355
Lapua Scenar1238.02,6208001,222372
Lapua FMJBT1449.32,4507501,213370

As noted above, the Grendel case is very closely related to the .220 Russian case. In general, each additional grain of bullet weight will reduce muzzle velocity by 10.8 ft/s (6.1 m/s for each gram) and each additional inch of barrel length will increase muzzle velocity by 20 ft/s (2.4 m/s for each centimeter). Specific details are available as graphs derived from Alexander Arms' public domain load table linked below.

Army and police uses[edit]

Serbia is in process of adopting a rifle made by Zastava Arms[13] in 6.5 mm Grendel caliber as main armament for its armed forces. The rifle, designated M17, is a derivative of the previous-issue M70 rifle.[14] An American-manufactured rifle in 6.5mm Grendel caliber may also be adopted in armament for special forces units after it passes testing in Technical Testing Center.[citation needed] Three types of 6.5mm Grendel ammunition produced by Prvi Partizan Užice Serbia will be tested for use with these rifles.[15][16][17][18][19]

See also[edit]

  • .220 Russian (5.6×39 mm)
  • .224 Valkyrie (5.6×41 mm)
  • 6mm AR, a 6 mm wildcat version which shares 6.5 Grendel's casing, but sends a (usually) lighter projectile up to 1,000 yards (900 m).
  • 6mm ARC, a factory cartridge with many similarities to the 6mm AR
  • 6.5×42mm, also known as 6.5 MPC (Multi Purpose Cartridge), based on a necked up .223 Remington case.[20]

References[edit]

  1. ^'6.5mm Grendel (internet archive copy)'. Alexander Arms. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  2. ^ abGuthrie, J (November 16, 2012). '6.5mm Grendel: The Round the Military Ought to Have'. Shooting Times. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  3. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2016-01-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^Lewis, Jack (2007). The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons. Gun Digest Books. p. 77. ISBN978-0-89689-498-3.
  5. ^Outdoor Hub, Prototype 6.5 Grendel AK Rifle from Definitive Arms, 13 October 2015
  6. ^'Alexander Arms Announces: The 6.5 Grendel Is An Official SAAMI Cartridge '
  7. ^http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2011/10/6-5-grendel-is-approved-as-sammi-cartridge-alexander-arms-gives-up-6-5-grendel-trademark/
  8. ^The Case for a General-Purpose Rifle and Machine Gun Cartridge (GPC) by Anthony G WilliamsArchived 2014-11-09 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^Ehrhart, Thomas P. Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan: Taking Back the Infantry Half Kilometer. pg 37-38
  10. ^Infantry Weapons Conference Report - SAdefensejournal.com, 9 January 2012
  11. ^Another 7.62mm Bullet For M-16s - Strategypage.com, 8 January 2012
  12. ^The Army’s Individual Carbine Competition: What’s Next? - SAdefensejournal.com, 24 October 2013
  13. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2016-07-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/11/22/first-military-6-5-grendel-rifle-zastava-m17-ak-dmr-revealed-serbian-army/
  15. ^http://www.prvipartizan.com/search_rb.php?id=A-484
  16. ^http://www.prvipartizan.com/search_rb.php?id=A-485
  17. ^http://www.prvipartizan.com/search_rb.php?id=A-483
  18. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2016-07-24. Retrieved 2016-07-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^http://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2016/10/josh-wayner/universal-service-cartridges-will-never-happen/
  20. ^The 6.5 MPC cartridge by SSK developed by J.D. Jones at SSK Industries Article on DefenseReview.com

Bibliography[edit]

  • Guns 'n' Ammo: Book of the AR-15, 2004, 'The 6.5mm Grendel', David Fortier, p. 66.
  • Special Weapons for Military & Police, Annual #27 2004, 'Beyond the 5.56mm NATO', Stan Crist, pp. 62–67.
  • Guns 'n' Ammo: Book of the AR-15, 2005, '6.5mm Grendel and 6.8 SPC', David Fortier, pp. 32–44.
  • Shooting Times, February 2005, 'Cooking up Loads for the 6.5mm Grendel', David Fortier, pp. 52–56.
  • Shooting Illustrated, September 2005, '6.5mm Grendel and Alexander Arms', J. Guthrie, pp. 34–37, 67–69.
  • Petersen's: Rifle Shooter, March/April 2006, 'Cartridge Efficiency—Why case shape matters', M. L. McPherson, pp. 22–24.
  • Shooting Times, January 2007, 'Other AR Chamberings', Sidebar Article, David Fortier, p. 56.
  • Special Weapons, Semi-Annual #50 2007, 'The Super Versatile AR', Charlie Cutshaw, pp. 44–45, 80–83.
  • Special Weapons, Semi-Annual #50 2007, '5.56mm NATO Alternatives', Stan Crist, pp. 52–59.
  • Shooting Times, March 2007, 'Les Baer's 6.5mm Grendel AR Sets a New Standard', David Fortier, pp. 26–32.
  • Special Weapons for Military & Police #52, Spring 2007, 'BETTER-IDEA 6.5mm GRENDEL,' Stan Crist
  • Special Weapons for Military & Police #52, Spring 2007, 'New Battlefield Requirements—New Rifles and Ammo Needed', Charlie Cutshaw

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 6.5mm Grendel.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6.5mm_Grendel&oldid=979181781'
24V input adjustable output 1.5-22V DC converterPower SuppliesTrailer controllers, interface 12V and 24V vehicles and trailersPrecision Spot Welders

AWG Wire Sizes (see chart below)

AWG: In the American Wire Gauge (AWG) system, wire size diameters can be calculated by applying the formula D(AWG)=.005·92((36-AWG)/39) inch. For the 00, 000, 0000 etc. gauges you use -1, -2, -3, which makes more sense mathematically than 'double nought.' This means that in American wire gage every 6 gauge decrease gives a doubling of the wire diameter, and every 3 gauge decrease doubles the wire cross sectional area. Similar to dB in signal and power levels. An approximate but accurate enough form of this formula contributed by Mario Rodriguez is D = .460 * (57/64)(awg +3) or D = .460 * (0.890625)(awg +3).

Metric Wire Gauges (see table below)

Metric GaugeCalibre 4: In the Metric Gauge scale, the gauge is 10 times the diameter in millimeters, so a 50 gauge metric wire would be 5 mm in diameter. Note that in AWG the diameter goes up as the gauge goes down, but for metric gauges it is the opposite. Probably because of this confusion, most of the time metric sized wire is specified in millimeters rather than metric gauges.

Load Carrying Capacities (see table below)

Definition

Calibre 4 6 0 8 X 2

: ampacity is the current carrying capability of a wire. In other words, how many amps can it transmit? The following chart is a guideline of ampacity or copper wire current carrying capacity following the Handbook of Electronic Tables and Formulas for American Wire Gauge. As you might guess, the rated ampacities are just a rule of thumb. In careful engineering the voltage drop, insulation temperature limit, thickness, thermal conductivity, and air convection and temperature should all be taken into account. The Maximum Amps for Power Transmission uses the 700 circular mils per amp rule, which is very very conservative. The Maximum Amps for Chassis Wiring is also a conservative rating, but is meant for wiring in air, and not in a bundle. For short lengths of wire, such as is used in battery packs you should trade off the resistance and load with size, weight, and flexibility. NOTE: For installations that need to conform to the National Electrical Code, you must use their guidelines. Contact your local electrician to find out what is legal!

Maximum Frequency for 100% Skin Depth Chart

Calibre 4 6 0 8 Fraction

This data is useful for high frequency AC engineering. When high frequency AC is conducted by a wire there is a tendency for the current to flow along the outside of the wire. This increases the effective resistance. The frequency listed in the table shows the frequency at which the calculated skin depth is equal to the radius of the wire, and is an indication that above this frequency you should start considering the skin effect when calculating the wire's resistance.

Calibre 4 6 0 86

Breaking Force for Copper Wire

This estimate is based on nick-free soft annealed Cu wire having a tensile strength of 37000 pounds per square inch.

AWG gaugeConductor
Diameter Inches		Conductor
Diameter mm		Conductor cross section in mm2Ohms per 1000 ft.Ohms per kmMaximum amps for chassis wiringMaximum amps for
power transmission		Maximum frequency for
100% skin depth for solid conductor copper		Breaking force Soft Annealed Cu 37000 PSI
00000.4611.6841070.0490.16072380302125 Hz6120 lbs
0000.409610.4038484.90.06180.202704328239160 Hz4860 lbs
000.36489.2659267.40.07790.255512283190200 Hz3860 lbs
00.32498.2524653.50.09830.322424245150250 Hz3060 lbs
10.28937.3482242.40.12390.406392211119325 Hz2430 lbs
20.25766.5430433.60.15630.51266418194410 Hz1930 lbs
30.22945.8267626.70.1970.6461615875500 Hz1530 lbs
40.20435.1892221.10.24850.8150813560650 Hz1210 lbs
50.18194.6202616.80.31331.02762411847810 Hz960 lbs
60.1624.114813.30.39511.295928101371100 Hz760 lbs
70.14433.6652210.60.49821.63409689301300 Hz605 lbs
80.12853.26398.370.62822.06049673241650 Hz480 lbs
90.11442.905766.630.79212.59808864192050 Hz380 lbs
100.10192.588265.260.99893.27639255152600 Hz314 lbs
110.09072.303784.171.264.132847123200 Hz249 lbs
120.08082.052323.311.5885.20864419.34150 Hz197 lbs
130.0721.82882.632.0036.56984357.45300 Hz150 lbs
140.06411.628142.082.5258.282325.96700 Hz119 lbs
150.05711.450341.653.18410.44352284.78250 Hz94 lbs
160.05081.290321.314.01613.17248223.711 k Hz75 lbs
170.04531.150621.045.06416.60992192.913 k Hz59 lbs
180.04031.023620.8236.38520.9428162.317 kHz47 lbs
190.03590.911860.6538.05126.40728141.821 kHz37 lbs
200.0320.81280.51910.1533.292111.527 kHz29 lbs
210.02850.72390.41212.841.98491.233 kHz23 lbs
220.02530.645160.32716.1452.939270.9242 kHz18 lbs
230.02260.574040.25920.3666.78084.70.72953 kHz14.5 lbs
240.02010.510540.20525.6784.19763.50.57768 kHz11.5 lbs
250.01790.454660.16232.37106.17362.70.45785 kHz9 lbs
260.01590.403860.12840.81133.85682.20.361107 kHz7.2 lbs
270.01420.360680.10251.47168.82161.70.288130 kHz5.5 lbs
280.01260.320040.08064.9212.8721.40.226170 kHz4.5 lbs
290.01130.287020.064781.83268.40241.20.182210 kHz3.6 lbs
300.010.2540.0507103.2338.4960.860.142270 kHz2.75 lbs
310.00890.226060.0401130.1426.7280.70.113340 kHz2.25 lbs
320.0080.20320.0324164.1538.2480.530.091430 kHz1.8 lbs
Metric 2.00.007870.2000.0314169.39555.610.510.088440 kHz
330.00710.180340.0255206.9678.6320.430.072540 kHz1.3 lbs
Metric 1.80.007090.1800.0254207.5680.550.430.072540 kHz
340.00630.160020.0201260.9855.7520.330.056690 kHz1.1 lbs
Metric 1.60.00630.160020.0201260.9855.7520.330.056690 kHz
350.00560.142240.01593291079.120.270.044870 kHz0.92 lbs
Metric 1.4.00551.1400.015433911140.260.043900 kHz
360.0050.1270.0127414.813600.210.0351100 kHz0.72 lbs
Metric 1.25.004920.1250.0123428.214040.200.0341150 kHz
370.00450.11430.0103523.117150.170.02891350 kHz0.57 lbs
Metric 1.12.004410.1120.00985533.817500.1630.02771400 kHz
380.0040.10160.00811659.621630.130.02281750 kHz0.45 lbs
Metric 1.003940.10000.00785 670.221980.1260.02251750 kHz
390.00350.08890.00621831.827280.110.01752250 kHz0.36 lbs
400.00310.078740.00487104934400.090.01372900 kHz0.29 lbs

Calibre 4 6 0 8 Cm

Voltage Drop Calculator by Gerald Newton http://www.electrician2.com

The following calculator calculates the voltage drop, and voltage at the end of the wire for American Wire Gauge from 4/0 AWG to 30 AWG, aluminum or copper wire. (Note: It just calculates the voltage drop, consult the above table for rules-of-thumb, or your local or national electrical code or your electrician to decide what is legal!) Note that the voltage drop does not depend on the input voltage, just on the resistance of the wire and the load in amps.

Calibre 4

This chart of American Wire Gauge (AWG) wire sizes and rated ampacities is data intended for the pleasure of our readers only. Typographical errors, etc. are probable, since the typist is not a professional (our CEO). Please point out errors. The data listed are incomplete and should be used as a guideline only. Please contact manufacturers for the latest data.

We hope that this information is helpful. Now go out and design something that needs a charger, power supply, or battery pack!

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